Outline - 1, BIO 2310, Articulations

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VIII. ARTICULATIONS

A. Definition & Examples

Joints

B. Functional classification

1. Synarthroses

Not moveable

2. Amphiarthroses

Slightly moveable

3. Diarthroses

Freely moveable

C. Structural Classification

1. Fibrous

Fibrous connective tissue

a. Suture (synarthrotic)

Cranial bones

b. Syndesmosis (amphiarthrotic)

Radius-Ulna; Tibia-Fibula

c. Gomphosis (synarthrotic)

Periodontal ligament to alveolus

2. Cartilaginous

a. Synchondrosis (can be temporary, synarthrotic)

Epiphyseal plate, sternocostal at rib 1

b. Symphysis (amphiarthrotic)

Symphysis pubis, Intervertebral discs

3. Synovial (diarthrotic)

a. Joint/synovial cavity

b. Articular cartilage

c. Articular capsule

1. Synovial membrane

2. Synovial fluid

3. Outer fibrous layer

d. Ligaments

e. Accessory ligaments [cruciate]

f. Menisci [stability]

g. Bursae [cushion]

D. Angular movements

1. Flexion, dorsiflexion

2. Extension, hyperextension, plantar flexion

3. Abduction, adduction

4. Rotation [medial, lateral]

5. Circumduction

6. Inversion, eversion

7. Elevation, depression

8. Protraction, retraction

9. Supination, pronation

E. Synovial joints based on articular shapes

1. Gliding

a. Side to side; back & forth

b. Acromioclavicular, between adjacent vertebral articular processes, intercarpal, intertarsal

2. Hinge

a. Flexion, extension

b. Elbow, ankle

3. Pivot

a. Rotation

b. Atlas-axis, proximal radioulnar

4. Ellipsoidal

a. Flex, extend, abduct, adduct, some circumduction

b. Atlanto-occipital, Radiocarpal; Metacarpophalangeal; metatarsophalangeal

5. Saddle

a. Same as ellipsoidal but freer

b. Carpometacarpal of pollex

6. Ball & Socket

a. Rotate, flex, extend, circumduct

b. Shoulder, hip